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Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, Vol. 4, No. 3, 247-264 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/1524838003004003004

Living in Danger

The Impact of Chronic Traumatization and the Traumatic Context on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Debra Kaysen

University of Missouri–St. Louis dkaysen{at}u.washington.edu

Patricia A. Resick

University of Missouri–St. Louis

Deborah Wise

University of Missouri–St. Louis

In this article on the effects of chronic traumatization, research is reviewed regarding the association between chronicity of traumatization and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. The contribution of the broader traumatic context to PTSD symptomatology is also examined. This review focuses on three populations: combat veterans, child sexual abuse survivors, and survivors of domestic violence. The challenges of defining chronicity of a traumatic event and traumatic context are addressed. Finally, suggestions for future directions are provided.

Key Words: combat veterans • family violence • sexual abuse • posttraumatic stress disorder


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